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GRASS GIS 8.3.2 Reference Manual

Geographic Resources Analysis Support System, commonly referred to as GRASS GIS, is a Geographic Information System (GIS) used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, graphics/maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization. GRASS is currently used in academic and commercial settings around the world, as well as by many governmental agencies and environmental consulting companies.

This reference manual details the use of modules distributed with Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS), an open source (GNU GPLed), image processing and geographic information system (GIS). Go back to help overview

Display commands (d.*)

d.background		Fills the graphics display frame with user defined color.
d.barscale		Displays a barscale on the graphics monitor.
d.colorlist		Outputs a list of all available display colors.
d.colortable		Displays the color table associated with a raster map layer.
d.correlate		Prints a graph of the correlation between raster maps (in pairs).
d.erase		Erases the contents of the active graphics display frame with user defined color.
d.font		Selects the font in which text will be displayed on the user’s graphics monitor.
d.fontlist		Lists the available fonts.
d.frame		Manages display frames on the user’s graphics monitor.
d.geodesic		Displays a geodesic line, tracing the shortest distance between two geographic points along a great circle, in a longitude/latitude data set.
d.graph		Program for generating and displaying simple graphics on the display monitor.
d.grid		Overlays a user-specified grid in the active display frame on the graphics monitor.
d.his		Displays the result obtained by combining hue, intensity, and saturation (HIS) values from user-specified input raster map layers.
d.histogram		Displays a histogram in the form of a pie or bar chart for a user-specified raster map.
d.info		Displays information about the active display monitor.
d.labels		Displays text labels (created with v.label) to the active frame on the graphics monitor.
d.legend		Displays a legend for a 2D or 3D raster map in the active frame of the graphics monitor.
d.legend.vect		Displays a vector legend in the active graphics frame.
d.linegraph		Generates and displays simple line graphs in the active graphics monitor display frame.
d.mon		Controls graphics display monitors from the command line.
d.northarrow		Displays a north arrow on the graphics monitor.
d.out.file		Saves the contents of the active display monitor to a graphics file.
d.path		Finds shortest path for selected starting and ending node.
d.polar		Draws polar diagram of angle map such as aspect or flow directions
d.profile		Plots profile of a transect.
d.rast.arrow		Draws arrows representing cell aspect direction for a raster map containing aspect data.
d.rast.edit		Edits cell values in a raster map.
d.rast		Displays user-specified raster map in the active graphics frame.
d.rast.leg		Displays a raster map and its legend on a graphics window
d.rast.num		Overlays cell category values on a raster map displayed in the active graphics frame.
d.redraw		Redraws the content of currently selected monitor.
d.rgb		Displays three user-specified raster maps as red, green, and blue overlays in the active graphics frame.
d.rhumbline		Displays the rhumbline joining two longitude/latitude coordinates.
d.shade		Drapes a color raster over an shaded relief or aspect map.
d.text		Draws text in the active display frame on the graphics monitor using the current font.
d.title		Create a TITLE for a raster map in a form suitable for display with d.text.
d.to.rast		Saves the contents of the active display monitor to a raster map.
d.vect.chart		Displays charts of vector data in the active frame on the graphics monitor.
d.vect		Displays user-specified vector map in the active graphics frame.
d.vect.thematic		Displays a thematic vector map in the active graphics frame.
d.what.rast		Allows the user to interactively query raster map layers at user-selected locations.
d.what.vect		Allows the user to interactively query vector map layers at user-selected locations.
d.where		Identifies the geographic coordinates associated with point locations given in display coordinates.

Database commands (db.*)

db.columns		List all columns for a given table.
db.connect		Prints/sets general DB connection for current mapset.
db.copy		Copy a table.
db.createdb		Creates an empty database.
db.databases		Lists all databases for a given driver and location.
db.describe		Describes a table in detail.
db.drivers		Lists all database drivers.
db.dropcolumn		Drops a column from selected attribute table.
db.dropdb		Removes an existing database.
db.droptable		Drops an attribute table.
db.execute		Executes any SQL statement.
db.in.ogr		Imports attribute tables in various formats.
db.login		Sets user/password for DB driver/database.
db.out.ogr		Exports attribute tables into various formats.
db.select		Selects data from attribute table.
db.tables		Lists all tables for a given database.
db.test		Test database driver, database must exist and set by db.connect.
db.univar		Calculates univariate statistics on selected table column.

General commands (g.*)

g.access		Controls access to the current mapset for other users on the system.
g.cairocomp		Overlays multiple X Pixmaps.
g.copy		Creates copies of maps and other elements
g.dirseps		Internal GRASS utility for converting directory separator characters.
g.download.location		Download GRASS Location from the web
g.extension.all		Rebuilds or removes all locally installed GRASS Addons extensions.
g.extension		Maintains GRASS Addons extensions in local GRASS installation.
g.filename		Prints GRASS data base file names.
g.findetc		Searches for GRASS support files.
g.findfile		Searches for GRASS data base files and sets variables for the shell.
g.gisenv		Outputs and modifies the user’s current GRASS variable settings.
g.gui.animation		Tool for animating a series of raster and vector maps or a space time raster or vector dataset.
g.gui.datacatalog		Tool for browsing, modifying and managing GRASS maps.
g.gui.dbmgr		Launches graphical attribute table manager.
g.gui.gcp		Georectifies a map and allows managing Ground Control Points.
g.gui.gmodeler		Graphical Modeler.
g.gui		Launches a GRASS graphical user interface (GUI) session.
g.gui.iclass		Tool for supervised classification of imagery data.
g.gui.image2target		Georectifies a map and allows managing Ground Control Points for 3D correction.
g.gui.mapswipe		Interactively compares two maps by swiping a visibility bar.
g.gui.photo2image		Corrects scanning distortions of a paper photo.
g.gui.psmap		Tool for creating hardcopy map outputs.
g.gui.rdigit		Interactive editing and digitizing of raster maps.
g.gui.rlisetup		Configuration tool for r.li modules.
g.gui.timeline		Allows comparing temporal datasets by displaying their temporal extents in a plot.
g.gui.tplot		Plots the values of temporal datasets.
g.gui.vdigit		Interactive editing and digitization of vector maps.
g.list		Lists available GRASS data base files of the user-specified data type optionally using the search pattern.
g.manual		Displays the manual pages of GRASS modules.
g.mapset		Changes/reports current mapset.
g.mapsets		Modifies/prints the user’s current mapset search path.
g.message		Prints a message, warning, progress info, or fatal error in the GRASS way.
g.mkfontcap		Generates the font configuration file by scanning various directories for fonts.
g.parser		Provides automated parser, GUI, and help support for GRASS scipts.
g.pnmcomp		Overlays multiple PPM image files.
g.ppmtopng		Converts between PPM/PGM and PNG image formats.
g.proj		Prints or modifies GRASS projection information files (in various co-ordinate system descriptions).
g.region		Manages the boundary definitions for the geographic region.
g.remove		Removes data base element files from the user’s current mapset using the search pattern.
g.rename		Renames data base element files in the user’s current mapset.
g.search.modules		Search in GRASS modules using keywords
g.tempfile		Creates a temporary file and prints it’s file name.
g.version		Displays GRASS GIS version info.

Imagery commands (i.*)

i.albedo		Computes broad band albedo from surface reflectance.
i.aster.toar		Calculates Top of Atmosphere Radiance/Reflectance/Brightness Temperature from ASTER DN.
i.atcorr		Performs atmospheric correction using the 6S algorithm.
i.band.library		Prints available semantic label information used for multispectral data.
i.biomass		Computes biomass growth, precursor of crop yield calculation.
i.cca		Canonical components analysis (CCA) program for image processing.
i.cluster		Generates spectral signatures for land cover types in an image using a clustering algorithm.
i.colors.enhance		Performs auto-balancing of colors for RGB images.
i.eb.eta		Actual evapotranspiration for diurnal period (Bastiaanssen, 1995).
i.eb.evapfr		Computes evaporative fraction and root zone soil moisture.
i.eb.hsebal01		Computes sensible heat flux iteration SEBAL 01.
i.eb.netrad		Net radiation approximation (Bastiaanssen, 1995).
i.eb.soilheatflux		Soil heat flux approximation (Bastiaanssen, 1995).
i.emissivity		Computes emissivity from NDVI, generic method for sparse land.
i.evapo.mh		Computes evapotranspiration calculation modified or original Hargreaves formulation, 2001.
i.evapo.pm		Computes potential evapotranspiration calculation with hourly Penman-Monteith.
i.evapo.pt		Computes evapotranspiration calculation Priestley and Taylor formulation, 1972.
i.evapo.time		Computes temporal integration of satellite ET actual (ETa) following the daily ET reference (ETo) from meteorological station(s).
i.fft		Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for image processing.
i.gensig		Generates statistics for i.maxlik from raster map.
i.gensigset		Generates statistics for i.smap from raster map.
i.group		Creates, edits, and lists groups of imagery data.
i.his.rgb		Transforms raster maps from HIS (Hue-Intensity-Saturation) color space to RGB (Red-Green-Blue) color space.
i.ifft		Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) for image processing.
i.image.mosaic		Mosaics several images and extends colormap.
i.in.spotvgt		Imports SPOT VGT NDVI data into a raster map.
i.landsat.acca		Performs Landsat TM/ETM+ Automatic Cloud Cover Assessment (ACCA).
i.landsat.toar		Calculates top-of-atmosphere radiance or reflectance and temperature for Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI
i.maxlik		Classifies the cell spectral reflectances in imagery data.
i.modis.qc		Extracts quality control parameters from MODIS QC layers.
i.oif		Calculates Optimum-Index-Factor table for spectral bands
i.ortho.camera		Select and modify the imagery group camera reference file.
i.ortho.elev		Select or modify the target elevation model.
i.ortho.init		Interactively creates or modifies entries in a camera initial exposure station file for imagery group referenced by a sub-block.
i.ortho.photo		Menu driver for the photo imagery programs.
i.ortho.rectify		Orthorectifies an image by using the image to photo coordinate transformation matrix.
i.ortho.target		Select or modify the imagery group target.
i.ortho.transform		Computes a coordinate transformation based on the control points.
i.pansharpen		Image fusion algorithms to sharpen multispectral with high-res panchromatic channels
i.pca		Principal components analysis (PCA) for image processing.
i.rectify		Rectifies an image by computing a coordinate transformation for each pixel in the image based on the control points.
i.rgb.his		Transforms raster maps from RGB (Red-Green-Blue) color space to HIS (Hue-Intensity-Saturation) color space.
i.segment		Identifies segments (objects) from imagery data.
i.smap		Performs contextual image classification using sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation.
i.spectral		Displays spectral response at user specified locations in group or images.
i.target		Targets an imagery group to a GRASS location and mapset.
i.tasscap		Performs Tasseled Cap (Kauth Thomas) transformation.
i.topo.corr		Computes topographic correction of reflectance.
i.vi		Calculates different types of vegetation indices.
i.zc		Zero-crossing "edge detection" raster function for image processing.

Miscellaneous commands (m.*)

m.cogo		A simple utility for converting bearing and distance measurements to coordinates and vice versa.
m.measure		Measures the lengths and areas of features.
m.nviz.image		Creates a 3D rendering of GIS data.
m.nviz.script		Creates fly-through script to run in NVIZ.
m.proj		Converts coordinates from one projection to another (cs2cs frontend).
m.transform		Computes a coordinate transformation based on the control points.

PostScript commands (ps.*)

ps.map

Produces hardcopy PostScript map output.

Raster commands (r.*)

r.basins.fill		Generates watershed subbasins raster map.
r.blend		Blends color components of two raster maps by a given ratio.
r.buffer		Creates a raster map showing buffer zones surrounding cells that contain non-NULL category values.
r.buffer.lowmem		Creates a raster map showing buffer zones surrounding cells that contain non-NULL category values.
r.buildvrt		Build a VRT (Virtual Raster) from the list of input raster maps.
r.carve		Generates stream channels.
r.category		Manages category values and labels associated with user-specified raster map layers.
r.circle		Creates a raster map containing concentric rings around a given point.
r.clump		Recategorizes data in a raster map by grouping cells that form physically discrete areas into unique categories.
r.coin		Tabulates the mutual occurrence (coincidence) of categories for two raster map layers.
r.colors		Creates/modifies the color table associated with a raster map.
r.colors.out		Exports the color table associated with a raster map.
r.colors.stddev		Sets color rules based on stddev from a raster map’s mean value.
r.composite		Combines red, green and blue raster maps into a single composite raster map.
r.compress		Compresses and decompresses raster maps.
r.contour		Produces a vector map of specified contours from a raster map.
r.cost		Creates a raster map showing the cumulative cost of moving between different geographic locations on an input raster map whose cell category values represent cost.
r.covar		Outputs a covariance/correlation matrix for user-specified raster map layer(s).
r.cross		Creates a cross product of the category values from multiple raster map layers.
r.describe		Prints terse list of category values found in a raster map layer.
r.distance		Locates the closest points between objects in two raster maps.
r.drain		Traces a flow through an elevation model or cost surface on a raster map.
r.external		Links GDAL supported raster data as a pseudo GRASS raster map.
r.external.out		Redirects raster output to file utilizing GDAL library rather than storing in GRASS raster format.
r.fill.dir		Filters and generates a depressionless elevation map and a flow direction map from a given elevation raster map.
r.fill.stats		Rapidly fills ’no data’ cells (NULLs) of a raster map with interpolated values (IDW).
r.fillnulls		Fills no-data areas in raster maps using spline interpolation.
r.flow		Constructs flowlines.
r.geomorphon		Calculates geomorphons (terrain forms) and associated geometry using machine vision approach.
r.grow.distance		Generates a raster map containing distances to nearest raster features and/or the value of the nearest non-null cell.
r.grow		Generates a raster map layer with contiguous areas grown by one cell.
r.gwflow		Numerical calculation program for transient, confined and unconfined groundwater flow in two dimensions.
r.his		Generates red, green and blue (RGB) raster map layers combining hue, intensity and saturation (HIS) values from user-specified input raster map layers.
r.horizon		Computes horizon angle height from a digital elevation model.
r.import		Imports raster data into a GRASS raster map using GDAL library and reprojects on the fly.
r.in.ascii		Converts a GRASS ASCII raster file to binary raster map.
r.in.aster		Georeference, rectify, and import Terra-ASTER imagery and relative DEMs using gdalwarp.
r.in.bin		Import a binary raster file into a GRASS raster map layer.
r.in.gdal		Imports raster data into a GRASS raster map using GDAL library.
r.in.gridatb		Imports GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) into a GRASS raster map.
r.in.mat		Imports a binary MAT-File(v4) to a GRASS raster.
r.in.pdal		Creates a raster map from LAS LiDAR points using univariate statistics.
r.in.png		Imports non-georeferenced PNG format image.
r.in.poly		Creates raster maps from ASCII polygon/line/point data files.
r.in.srtm		Imports SRTM HGT files into raster map.
r.in.wms		Downloads and imports data from OGC WMS and OGC WMTS web mapping servers.
r.in.xyz		Creates a raster map from an assemblage of many coordinates using univariate statistics.
r.info		Outputs basic information about a raster map.
r.kappa		Calculates error matrix and kappa parameter for accuracy assessment of classification result.
r.lake		Fills lake at given point to given level.
r.latlong		Creates a latitude/longitude raster map.
r.li.cwed		Calculates contrast weighted edge density index on a raster map
r.li.daemon		Support module for r.li landscape index calculations.
r.li.dominance		Calculates dominance’s diversity index on a raster map
r.li.edgedensity		Calculates edge density index on a raster map, using a 4 neighbour algorithm
r.li		Toolset for multiscale analysis of landscape structure
r.li.mpa		Calculates mean pixel attribute index on a raster map
r.li.mps		Calculates mean patch size index on a raster map, using a 4 neighbour algorithm
r.li.padcv		Calculates coefficient of variation of patch area on a raster map
r.li.padrange		Calculates range of patch area size on a raster map
r.li.padsd		Calculates standard deviation of patch area a raster map
r.li.patchdensity		Calculates patch density index on a raster map, using a 4 neighbour algorithm
r.li.patchnum		Calculates patch number index on a raster map, using a 4 neighbour algorithm.
r.li.pielou		Calculates Pielou’s diversity index on a raster map
r.li.renyi		Calculates Renyi’s diversity index on a raster map
r.li.richness		Calculates richness index on a raster map
r.li.shannon		Calculates Shannon’s diversity index on a raster map
r.li.shape		Calculates shape index on a raster map
r.li.simpson		Calculates Simpson’s diversity index on a raster map
r.mapcalc		Raster map calculator.
r.mapcalc.simple		Calculates a new raster map from a simple r.mapcalc expression.
r.mask		Creates a MASK for limiting raster operation.
r.mfilter		Performs raster map matrix filter.
r.mode		Finds the mode of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map.
r.neighbors		Makes each cell category value a function of the category values assigned to the cells around it, and stores new cell values in an output raster map layer.
r.null		Manages NULL-values of given raster map.
r.object.geometry		Calculates geometry parameters for raster objects.
r.out.ascii		Converts a raster map layer into a GRASS ASCII text file.
r.out.bin		Exports a GRASS raster to a binary array.
r.out.gdal		Exports GRASS raster maps into GDAL supported formats.
r.out.gridatb		Exports GRASS raster map to GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL).
r.out.mat		Exports a GRASS raster to a binary MAT-File.
r.out.mpeg		Converts raster map series to MPEG movie.
r.out.png		Export a GRASS raster map as a non-georeferenced PNG image.
r.out.pov		Converts a raster map layer into a height-field file for POV-Ray.
r.out.ppm		Converts a GRASS raster map to a PPM image file.
r.out.ppm3		Converts 3 GRASS raster layers (R,G,B) to a PPM image file.
r.out.vrml		Exports a raster map to the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML).
r.out.vtk		Converts raster maps into the VTK-ASCII format.
r.out.xyz		Exports a raster map to a text file as x,y,z values based on cell centers.
r.pack		Exports a raster map as GRASS GIS specific archive file
r.param.scale		Extracts terrain parameters from a DEM.
r.patch		Creates a composite raster map layer by using known category values from one (or more) map layer(s) to fill in areas of "no data" in another map layer.
r.path		Traces paths from starting points following input directions.
r.plane		Creates raster plane map given dip (inclination), aspect (azimuth) and one point.
r.profile		Outputs the raster map layer values lying on user-defined line(s).
r.proj		Re-projects a raster map from given location to the current location.
r.quant		Produces the quantization file for a floating-point map.
r.quantile		Compute quantiles using two passes.
r.random.cells		Generates random cell values with spatial dependence.
r.random		Creates randomly placed raster cells or vector points
r.random.surface		Generates random surface(s) with spatial dependence.
r.reclass.area		Reclasses a raster map greater or less than user specified area size (in hectares).
r.reclass		Reclassify raster map based on category values.
r.recode		Recodes categorical raster maps.
r.region		Sets the boundary definitions for a raster map.
r.regression.line		Calculates linear regression from two raster maps: y = a + b*x.
r.regression.multi		Calculates multiple linear regression from raster maps.
r.relief		Creates shaded relief map from an elevation map (DEM).
r.report		Reports statistics for raster maps.
r.resamp.bspline		Performs bilinear or bicubic spline interpolation with Tykhonov regularization.
r.resamp.filter		Resamples raster map layers using an analytic kernel.
r.resamp.interp		Resamples raster map to a finer grid using interpolation.
r.resamp.rst		Reinterpolates and optionally computes topographic analysis from input raster map to a new raster map (possibly with different resolution) using regularized spline with tension and smoothing.
r.resamp.stats		Resamples raster map layers to a coarser grid using aggregation.
r.resample		GRASS raster map layer data resampling capability.
r.rescale.eq		Rescales histogram equalized the range of category values in a raster map layer.
r.rescale		Rescales the range of category values in a raster map layer.
r.rgb		Splits a raster map into red, green and blue maps.
r.ros		Generates rate of spread raster maps.
r.semantic.label		Manages semantic label information assigned to a single raster map or to a list of raster maps.
r.series.accumulate		Makes each output cell value a accumulationfunction of the values assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster map layers.
r.series		Makes each output cell value a function of the values assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster map layers.
r.series.interp		Interpolates raster maps located (temporal or spatial) in between input raster maps at specific sampling positions.
r.shade		Drapes a color raster over an shaded relief or aspect map.
r.sim.sediment		Sediment transport and erosion/deposition simulation using path sampling method (SIMWE).
r.sim.water		Overland flow hydrologic simulation using path sampling method (SIMWE).
r.slope.aspect		Generates raster maps of slope, aspect, curvatures and partial derivatives from an elevation raster map.
r.solute.transport		Numerical calculation program for transient, confined and unconfined solute transport in two dimensions
r.spread		Simulates elliptically anisotropic spread.
r.spreadpath		Recursively traces the least cost path backwards to cells from which the cumulative cost was determined.
r.statistics		Calculates category or object oriented statistics.
r.stats		Generates area statistics for raster map.
r.stats.quantile		Compute category quantiles using two passes.
r.stats.zonal		Calculates category or object oriented statistics (accumulator-based statistics).
r.stream.extract		Performs stream network extraction.
r.sun		Solar irradiance and irradiation model.
r.sunhours		Calculates solar elevation, solar azimuth, and sun hours.
r.sunmask		Calculates cast shadow areas from sun position and elevation raster map.
r.support		Allows creation and/or modification of raster map layer support files.
r.support.stats		Update raster map statistics
r.surf.area		Prints estimation of surface area for raster map.
r.surf.contour		Generates surface raster map from rasterized contours.
r.surf.fractal		Creates a fractal surface of a given fractal dimension.
r.surf.gauss		Generates a raster map using gaussian random number generator.
r.surf.idw		Provides surface interpolation from raster point data by Inverse Distance Squared Weighting.
r.surf.random		Produces a raster surface map of uniform random deviates with defined range.
r.terraflow		Performs flow computation for massive grids.
r.texture		Generate images with textural features from a raster map.
r.thin		Thins non-null cells that denote linear features in a raster map layer.
r.tile		Splits a raster map into tiles.
r.tileset		Produces tilings of the source projection for use in the destination region and projection.
r.timestamp		Modifies a timestamp for a raster map.
r.to.rast3		Converts 2D raster map slices to one 3D raster volume map.
r.to.rast3elev		Creates a 3D volume map based on 2D elevation and value raster maps.
r.to.vect		Converts a raster map into a vector map.
r.topidx		Creates a topographic index (wetness index) raster map from an elevation raster map.
r.topmodel		Simulates TOPMODEL which is a physically based hydrologic model.
r.transect		Outputs raster map layer values lying along user defined transect line(s).
r.univar		Calculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells of a raster map.
r.unpack		Imports a GRASS GIS specific raster archive file (packed with r.pack) as a raster map
r.uslek		Computes USLE Soil Erodibility Factor (K).
r.usler		Computes USLE R factor, Rainfall erosivity index.
r.viewshed		Computes the viewshed of a point on an elevation raster map.
r.volume		Calculates the volume of data "clumps".
r.walk		Creates a raster map showing the anisotropic cumulative cost of moving between different geographic locations on an input raster map whose cell category values represent cost.
r.water.outlet		Creates watershed basins from a drainage direction map.
r.watershed		Calculates hydrological parameters and RUSLE factors.
r.what.color		Queries colors for a raster map layer.
r.what		Queries raster maps on their category values and category labels.

3d raster commands (r3.*)

r3.colors		Creates/modifies the color table associated with a 3D raster map.
r3.colors.out		Exports the color table associated with a 3D raster map.
r3.cross.rast		Creates cross section 2D raster map from 3D raster map based on 2D elevation map
r3.flow		Computes 3D flow lines and 3D flow accumulation.
r3.gradient		Computes gradient of a 3D raster map and outputs gradient components as three 3D raster maps.
r3.gwflow		Numerical calculation program for transient, confined groundwater flow in three dimensions.
r3.in.ascii		Converts a 3D ASCII raster text file into a (binary) 3D raster map.
r3.in.bin		Imports a binary raster file into a GRASS 3D raster map.
r3.in.v5d		Import 3-dimensional Vis5D files.
r3.in.xyz		Create a 3D raster map from an assemblage of many coordinates using univariate statistics
r3.info		Outputs basic information about a user-specified 3D raster map layer.
r3.mapcalc		Raster map calculator.
r3.mask		Establishes the current working 3D raster mask.
r3.mkdspf		Creates a display file from an existing 3D raster map according to specified threshold levels.
r3.neighbors		Makes each voxel value a function of the values assigned to the voxels around it, and stores new voxel values in an output 3D raster map
r3.null		Explicitly create the 3D NULL-value bitmap file.
r3.out.ascii		Converts a 3D raster map layer into a ASCII text file.
r3.out.bin		Exports a GRASS 3D raster map to a binary array.
r3.out.netcdf		Export a 3D raster map as netCDF file.
r3.out.v5d		Exports GRASS 3D raster map to 3-dimensional Vis5D file.
r3.out.vtk		Converts 3D raster maps into the VTK-ASCII format.
r3.retile		Retiles an existing 3D raster map with user defined x, y and z tile size.
r3.stats		Generates volume statistics for 3D raster maps.
r3.support		Allows creation and/or modification of 3D raster map layer support files.
r3.timestamp		Modifies a timestamp for a 3D raster map.
r3.to.rast		Converts 3D raster maps to 2D raster maps
r3.univar		Calculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells of a 3D raster map.

Temporal commands (t.*)

t.connect		Prints/sets general temporal GIS database connection for current mapset.
t.copy		Creates a copy of a space time raster dataset.
t.create		Creates a space time dataset.
t.info		Lists information about space time datasets and maps.
t.list		Lists space time datasets and maps registered in the temporal database.
t.merge		Merges several space time datasets into a single space time dataset.
t.rast.accdetect		Detects accumulation patterns in temporally accumulated space time raster datasets created by t.rast.accumulate.
t.rast.accumulate		Computes cyclic accumulations of a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.aggregate.ds		Aggregates data of an existing space time raster dataset using the time intervals of a second space time dataset.
t.rast.aggregate		Aggregates temporally the maps of a space time raster dataset by a user defined granularity.
t.rast.algebra		Apply temporal and spatial operations on space time raster datasets using temporal raster algebra.
t.rast.colors		Creates/modifies the color table associated with each raster map of the space time raster dataset.
t.rast.contour		Produces a space time vector dataset of specified contours from a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.export		Exports space time raster dataset.
t.rast.extract		Extracts a subset of a space time raster datasets.
t.rast.gapfill		Replaces gaps in a space time raster dataset with interpolated raster maps.
t.rast.import		Imports space time raster dataset.
t.rast.list		Lists registered maps of a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.mapcalc		Performs spatio-temporal mapcalc expressions on temporally sampled maps of space time raster datasets.
t.rast.neighbors		Performs a neighborhood analysis for each map in a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.out.vtk		Exports space time raster dataset as VTK time series.
t.rast.series		Performs different aggregation algorithms from r.series on all or a subset of raster maps in a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.to.rast3		Converts a space time raster dataset into a 3D raster map.
t.rast.to.vect		Converts a space time raster dataset into a space time vector dataset
t.rast.univar		Calculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells for each registered raster map of a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.what		Sample a space time raster dataset at specific vector point coordinates and write the output to stdout using different layouts
t.rast3d.algebra		Apply temporal and spatial operations on space time 3D raster datasets using temporal 3D raster algebra.
t.rast3d.extract		Extracts a subset of a space time 3D raster dataset.
t.rast3d.list		Lists registered maps of a space time raster3d dataset.
t.rast3d.mapcalc		Performs r3.mapcalc expressions on maps of sampled space time 3D raster datasets.
t.rast3d.univar		Calculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells for each registered 3D raster map of a space time 3D raster dataset.
t.register		Assigns timestamps and registers raster, vector and raster3d maps in a space time dataset.
t.remove		Removes space time datasets from temporal database.
t.rename		Renames a space time dataset
t.sample		Samples the input space time dataset(s) with a sample space time dataset and print the result to stdout.
t.select		Select maps from space time datasets by topological relationships to other space time datasets using temporal algebra.
t.shift		Shifts temporally the maps of a space time dataset.
t.snap		Snaps temporally the maps of a space time dataset.
t.support		Modifies the metadata of a space time dataset.
t.topology		Lists temporal topology of a space time dataset.
t.unregister		Unregisters raster, vector and raster3d maps from the temporal database or a specific space time dataset.
t.upgrade		Upgrades the version of the temporal database.
t.vect.algebra		Apply temporal and spatial operations on space time vector datasets using temporal vector algebra.
t.vect.db.select		Prints attributes of vector maps registered in a space time vector dataset.
t.vect.export		Exports a space time vector dataset as GRASS GIS specific archive file.
t.vect.extract		Extracts a subset of a space time vector dataset.
t.vect.import		Imports a space time vector dataset from a GRASS GIS specific archive file.
t.vect.list		Lists registered maps of a space time vector dataset.
t.vect.observe.strds		Observes specific locations in a space time raster dataset over a period of time using vector points.
t.vect.univar		Calculates univariate statistics of attributes for each registered vector map of a space time vector dataset
t.vect.what.strds		Stores raster map values at spatial and temporal positions of vector points as vector attributes.

Test commands (test.*)

test.r3flow		Testing flow lines.
test.raster3d.lib		Performs unit and integration tests for the raster3d library

Vector commands (v.*)

v.buffer		Creates a buffer around vector features of given type.
v.build.all		Rebuilds topology on all vector maps in the current mapset.
v.build		Creates topology for vector map.
v.build.polylines		Builds polylines from lines or boundaries.
v.category		Attaches, deletes or reports vector categories to/from/of map geometry.
v.centroids		Adds missing centroids to closed boundaries.
v.class		Classifies attribute data, e.g. for thematic mapping
v.clean		Toolset for cleaning topology of vector map.
v.clip		Extracts features of input map which overlay features of clip map.
v.cluster		Performs cluster identification.
v.colors		Creates/modifies the color table associated with a vector map.
v.colors.out		Exports the color table associated with a vector map.
v.db.addcolumn		Adds one or more columns to the attribute table connected to a given vector map.
v.db.addtable		Creates and connects a new attribute table to a given layer of an existing vector map.
v.db.connect		Prints/sets DB connection for a vector map to attribute table.
v.db.dropcolumn		Drops a column from the attribute table connected to a given vector map.
v.db.droprow		Removes a vector feature from a vector map through attribute selection.
v.db.droptable		Removes existing attribute table of a vector map.
v.db.join		Joins a database table to a vector map table.
v.db.reconnect.all		Reconnects attribute tables for all vector maps from the current mapset to a new database.
v.db.renamecolumn		Renames a column in the attribute table connected to a given vector map.
v.db.select		Prints vector map attributes.
v.db.univar		Calculates univariate statistics on selected table column for a GRASS vector map.
v.db.update		Updates a column in the attribute table connected to a vector map.
v.decimate		Decimates a point cloud
v.delaunay		Creates a Delaunay triangulation from an input vector map containing points or centroids.
v.dissolve		Dissolves boundaries between adjacent areas sharing a common category number or attribute.
v.distance		Finds the nearest element in vector map ’to’ for elements in vector map ’from’.
v.drape		Converts 2D vector features to 3D by sampling of elevation raster map.
v.edit		Edits a vector map, allows adding, deleting and modifying selected vector features.
v.external		Creates a new pseudo-vector map as a link to an OGR-supported layer or a PostGIS feature table.
v.external.out		Defines vector output format.
v.extract		Selects vector features from an existing vector map and creates a new vector map containing only the selected features.
v.extrude		Extrudes flat vector features to 3D vector features with defined height.
v.generalize		Performs vector based generalization.
v.hull		Produces a 2D/3D convex hull for a given vector map.
v.import		Imports vector data into a GRASS vector map using OGR library and reprojects on the fly.
v.in.ascii		Creates a vector map from an ASCII points file or ASCII vector file.
v.in.db		Creates new vector (points) map from database table containing coordinates.
v.in.dxf		Converts file in DXF format to GRASS vector map.
v.in.e00		Imports E00 file into a vector map.
v.in.geonames		Imports geonames.org country files into a vector points map.
v.in.lines		Imports ASCII x,y[,z] coordinates as a series of lines.
v.in.mapgen		Imports Mapgen or Matlab-ASCII vector maps into GRASS.
v.in.ogr		Imports vector data into a GRASS vector map using OGR library.
v.in.pdal		Converts LAS LiDAR point clouds to a GRASS vector map with PDAL.
v.in.region		Creates a vector polygon from the current region extent.
v.in.wfs		Imports GetFeature from a WFS server.
v.info		Outputs basic information about a vector map.
v.kcv		Randomly partition points into test/train sets.
v.kernel		Generates a raster density map from vector points map.
v.label		Creates paint labels for a vector map from attached attributes.
v.label.sa		Create optimally placed labels for vector map(s)
v.lidar.correction		Corrects the v.lidar.growing output. It is the last of the three algorithms for LIDAR filtering.
v.lidar.edgedetection		Detects the object’s edges from a LIDAR data set.
v.lidar.growing		Building contour determination and Region Growing algorithm for determining the building inside
v.lrs.create		Creates a linear reference system.
v.lrs.label		Creates stationing from input lines, and linear reference system.
v.lrs.segment		Creates points/segments from input lines, linear reference system and positions read from stdin or a file.
v.lrs.where		Finds line id and real km+offset for given points in vector map using linear reference system.
v.mkgrid		Creates a vector map of a user-defined grid.
v.neighbors		Neighborhood analysis tool for vector point maps.
v.net.alloc		Allocates subnets for nearest centers.
v.net.allpairs		Computes the shortest path between all pairs of nodes in the network.
v.net.bridge		Computes bridges and articulation points in the network.
v.net.centrality		Computes degree, centrality, betweeness, closeness and eigenvector centrality measures in the network.
v.net.components		Computes strongly and weakly connected components in the network.
v.net.connectivity		Computes vertex connectivity between two sets of nodes in the network.
v.net.distance		Computes shortest distance via the network between the given sets of features.
v.net.flow		Computes the maximum flow between two sets of nodes in the network.
v.net		Performs network maintenance.
v.net.iso		Splits subnets for nearest centers by cost isolines.
v.net.path		Finds shortest path on vector network.
v.net.salesman		Creates a cycle connecting given nodes (Traveling salesman problem).
v.net.spanningtree		Computes minimum spanning tree for the network.
v.net.steiner		Creates Steiner tree for the network and given terminals.
v.net.timetable		Finds shortest path using timetables.
v.net.visibility		Performs visibility graph construction.
v.normal		Tests for normality for vector points.
v.out.ascii		Exports a vector map to a GRASS ASCII vector representation.
v.out.dxf		Exports vector map to DXF file format.
v.out.ogr		Exports a vector map layer to any of the supported OGR vector formats.
v.out.postgis		Exports a vector map layer to PostGIS feature table.
v.out.pov		Converts GRASS x,y,z points to POV-Ray x,z,y format.
v.out.svg		Exports a vector map to SVG file.
v.out.vtk		Converts a vector map to VTK ASCII output.
v.outlier		Removes outliers from vector point data.
v.overlay		Overlays two vector maps offering clip, intersection, difference, symmetrical difference, union operators.
v.pack		Exports a vector map as GRASS GIS specific archive file
v.parallel		Creates parallel line to input vector lines.
v.patch		Creates a new vector map by combining other vector maps.
v.perturb		Random location perturbations of vector points.
v.profile		Vector map profiling tool
v.proj		Re-projects a vector map from one location to the current location.
v.qcount		Indices for quadrat counts of vector point lists.
v.random		Generates random 2D/3D vector points.
v.rast.stats		Calculates univariate statistics from a raster map based on a vector map and uploads statistics to new attribute columns.
v.reclass		Changes vector category values for an existing vector map according to results of SQL queries or a value in attribute table column.
v.rectify		Rectifies a vector by computing a coordinate transformation for each object in the vector based on the control points.
v.report		Reports geometry statistics for vector maps.
v.sample		Samples a raster map at vector point locations.
v.segment		Creates points/segments from input vector lines and positions.
v.select		Selects features from vector map (A) by features from other vector map (B).
v.split		Splits vector lines to shorter segments.
v.support		Updates vector map metadata.
v.surf.bspline		Performs bicubic or bilinear spline interpolation with Tykhonov regularization.
v.surf.idw		Provides surface interpolation from vector point data by Inverse Distance Squared Weighting.
v.surf.rst		Performs surface interpolation from vector points map by splines.
v.timestamp		Modifies a timestamp for a vector map.
v.to.3d		Performs transformation of 2D vector features to 3D.
v.to.db		Populates attribute values from vector features.
v.to.lines		Converts vector polygons or points to lines.
v.to.points		Creates points along input lines in new vector map with 2 layers.
v.to.rast		Converts (rasterize) a vector map into a raster map.
v.to.rast3		Converts a vector map (only points) into a 3D raster map.
v.transform		Performs an affine transformation (shift, scale and rotate) on vector map.
v.type		Changes type of vector features.
v.univar		Calculates univariate statistics of vector map features.
v.unpack		Imports a GRASS GIS specific vector archive file (packed with v.pack) as a vector map
v.vect.stats		Count points in areas, calculate statistics from point attributes.
v.vol.rst		Interpolates point data to a 3D raster map using regularized spline with tension (RST) algorithm.
v.voronoi		Creates a Voronoi diagram constrained to the extents of the current region from an input vector map containing points or centroids.
v.what		Queries a vector map at given locations.
v.what.rast		Uploads raster values at positions of vector points to the table.
v.what.rast3		Uploads 3D raster values at positions of vector points to the table.
v.what.strds		Uploads space time raster dataset values at positions of vector points to the table.
v.what.vect		Uploads vector values at positions of vector points to the table.

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GRASS 8.3.2 GRASS GIS User's Manual