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GRASS GIS 8.4.0 Reference Manual

Geographic Resources Analysis Support System, commonly referred to as GRASS GIS, is a Geographic Information System (GIS) used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, graphics/maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization. GRASS is currently used in academic and commercial settings around the world, as well as by many governmental agencies and environmental consulting companies.

This reference manual details the use of modules distributed with Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS), an open source (GNU GPLed), image processing and geographic information system (GIS). Go back to help overview

Display commands (d.*)

d.backgroundFills the graphics display frame with user defined color.
d.barscaleDisplays a barscale on the graphics monitor.
d.colorlistOutputs a list of all available display colors.
d.colortableDisplays the color table associated with a raster map layer.
d.correlatePrints a graph of the correlation between raster maps (in pairs).
d.eraseErases the contents of the active graphics display frame with user defined color.
d.fontSelects the font in which text will be displayed on the user’s graphics monitor.
d.fontlistLists the available fonts.
d.frameManages display frames on the user’s graphics monitor.
d.geodesicDisplays a geodesic line, tracing the shortest distance between two geographic points along a great circle, in a longitude/latitude data set.
d.graphProgram for generating and displaying simple graphics on the display monitor.
d.gridOverlays a user-specified grid in the active display frame on the graphics monitor.
d.hisDisplays the result obtained by combining hue, intensity, and saturation (HIS) values from user-specified input raster map layers.
d.histogramDisplays a histogram in the form of a pie or bar chart for a user-specified raster map.
d.infoDisplays information about the active display monitor.
d.labelsDisplays text labels (created with v.label) to the active frame on the graphics monitor.
d.legendDisplays a legend for a 2D or 3D raster map in the active frame of the graphics monitor.
d.legend.vectDisplays a vector legend in the active graphics frame.
d.linegraphGenerates and displays simple line graphs in the active graphics monitor display frame.
d.monControls graphics display monitors from the command line.
d.northarrowDisplays a north arrow on the graphics monitor.
d.out.fileSaves the contents of the active display monitor to a graphics file.
d.pathFinds shortest path for selected starting and ending node.
d.polarDraws polar diagram of angle map such as aspect or flow directions
d.profilePlots profile of a transect.
d.rast.arrowDraws arrows representing cell aspect direction for a raster map containing aspect data.
d.rast.editEdits cell values in a raster map.
d.rastDisplays user-specified raster map in the active graphics frame.
d.rast.legDisplays a raster map and its legend on a graphics window
d.rast.numOverlays cell category values on a raster map displayed in the active graphics frame.
d.redrawRedraws the content of currently selected monitor.
d.rgbDisplays three user-specified raster maps as red, green, and blue overlays in the active graphics frame.
d.rhumblineDisplays the rhumbline joining two longitude/latitude coordinates.
d.shadeDrapes a color raster over an shaded relief or aspect map.
d.textDraws text in the active display frame on the graphics monitor using the current font.
d.titleCreate a TITLE for a raster map in a form suitable for display with d.text.
d.to.rastSaves the contents of the active display monitor to a raster map.
d.vect.chartDisplays charts of vector data in the active frame on the graphics monitor.
d.vectDisplays user-specified vector map in the active graphics frame.
d.vect.thematicDisplays a thematic vector map in the active graphics frame.
d.what.rastAllows the user to interactively query raster map layers at user-selected locations.
d.what.vectAllows the user to interactively query vector map layers at user-selected locations.
d.whereIdentifies the geographic coordinates associated with point locations given in display coordinates.

Database commands (db.*)

db.columnsList all columns for a given table.
db.connectPrints/sets general DB connection for current mapset.
db.copyCopy a table.
db.createdbCreates an empty database.
db.databasesLists all databases for a given driver and location.
db.describeDescribes a table in detail.
db.driversLists all database drivers.
db.dropcolumnDrops a column from selected attribute table.
db.dropdbRemoves an existing database.
db.droptableDrops an attribute table.
db.executeExecutes any SQL statement.
db.in.ogrImports attribute tables in various formats.
db.loginSets user/password for DB driver/database.
db.out.ogrExports attribute tables into various formats.
db.selectSelects data from attribute table.
db.tablesLists all tables for a given database.
db.testTest database driver, database must exist and set by db.connect.
db.univarCalculates univariate statistics on selected table column.

General commands (g.*)

g.accessControls access to the current mapset for other users on the system.
g.cairocompOverlays multiple X Pixmaps.
g.copyCreates copies of maps and other elements
g.dirsepsInternal GRASS utility for converting directory separator characters.
g.download.locationDownload GRASS Location from the web
g.extension.allRebuilds or removes all locally installed GRASS Addons extensions.
g.extensionMaintains GRASS Addons extensions in local GRASS installation.
g.filenamePrints GRASS data base file names.
g.findetcSearches for GRASS support files.
g.findfileSearches for GRASS data base files and sets variables for the shell.
g.gisenvOutputs and modifies the user’s current GRASS variable settings.
g.gui.animationTool for animating a series of raster and vector maps or a space time raster or vector dataset.
g.gui.datacatalogTool for browsing, modifying and managing GRASS maps.
g.gui.dbmgrLaunches graphical attribute table manager.
g.gui.gcpGeorectifies a map and allows managing Ground Control Points.
g.gui.gmodelerGraphical Modeler.
g.guiLaunches a GRASS graphical user interface (GUI) session.
g.gui.iclassTool for supervised classification of imagery data.
g.gui.image2targetGeorectifies a map and allows managing Ground Control Points for 3D correction.
g.gui.mapswipeInteractively compares two maps by swiping a visibility bar.
g.gui.photo2imageCorrects scanning distortions of a paper photo.
g.gui.psmapTool for creating hardcopy map outputs.
g.gui.rdigitInteractive editing and digitizing of raster maps.
g.gui.rlisetupConfiguration tool for r.li modules.
g.gui.timelineAllows comparing temporal datasets by displaying their temporal extents in a plot.
g.gui.tplotPlots the values of temporal datasets.
g.gui.vdigitInteractive editing and digitization of vector maps.
g.listLists available GRASS data base files of the user-specified data type optionally using the search pattern.
g.manualDisplays the manual pages of GRASS modules.
g.mapsetChanges/reports current mapset.
g.mapsetsModifies/prints the user’s current mapset search path.
g.messagePrints a message, warning, progress info, or fatal error in the GRASS way.
g.mkfontcapGenerates the font configuration file by scanning various directories for fonts.
g.parserProvides automated parser, GUI, and help support for GRASS scipts.
g.pnmcompOverlays multiple PPM image files.
g.ppmtopngConverts between PPM/PGM and PNG image formats.
g.projPrints or modifies GRASS projection information files (in various co-ordinate system descriptions).
g.regionManages the boundary definitions for the geographic region.
g.removeRemoves data base element files from the user’s current mapset using the search pattern.
g.renameRenames data base element files in the user’s current mapset.
g.search.modulesSearch in GRASS modules using keywords
g.tempfileCreates a temporary file and prints it’s file name.
g.versionDisplays GRASS GIS version info.

Imagery commands (i.*)

i.albedoComputes broad band albedo from surface reflectance.
i.aster.toarCalculates Top of Atmosphere Radiance/Reflectance/Brightness Temperature from ASTER DN.
i.atcorrPerforms atmospheric correction using the 6S algorithm.
i.band.libraryPrints available semantic label information used for multispectral data.
i.biomassComputes biomass growth, precursor of crop yield calculation.
i.ccaCanonical components analysis (CCA) program for image processing.
i.clusterGenerates spectral signatures for land cover types in an image using a clustering algorithm.
i.colors.enhancePerforms auto-balancing of colors for RGB images.
i.eb.etaActual evapotranspiration for diurnal period (Bastiaanssen, 1995).
i.eb.evapfrComputes evaporative fraction and root zone soil moisture.
i.eb.hsebal01Computes sensible heat flux iteration SEBAL 01.
i.eb.netradNet radiation approximation (Bastiaanssen, 1995).
i.eb.soilheatfluxSoil heat flux approximation (Bastiaanssen, 1995).
i.emissivityComputes emissivity from NDVI, generic method for sparse land.
i.evapo.mhComputes evapotranspiration calculation modified or original Hargreaves formulation, 2001.
i.evapo.pmComputes potential evapotranspiration calculation with hourly Penman-Monteith.
i.evapo.ptComputes evapotranspiration calculation Priestley and Taylor formulation, 1972.
i.evapo.timeComputes temporal integration of satellite ET actual (ETa) following the daily ET reference (ETo) from meteorological station(s).
i.fftFast Fourier Transform (FFT) for image processing.
i.gensigGenerates statistics for i.maxlik from raster map.
i.gensigsetGenerates statistics for i.smap from raster map.
i.groupCreates, edits, and lists groups of imagery data.
i.his.rgbTransforms raster maps from HIS (Hue-Intensity-Saturation) color space to RGB (Red-Green-Blue) color space.
i.ifftInverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) for image processing.
i.image.mosaicMosaics several images and extends colormap.
i.in.spotvgtImports SPOT VGT NDVI data into a raster map.
i.landsat.accaPerforms Landsat TM/ETM+ Automatic Cloud Cover Assessment (ACCA).
i.landsat.toarCalculates top-of-atmosphere radiance or reflectance and temperature for Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI
i.maxlikClassifies the cell spectral reflectances in imagery data.
i.modis.qcExtracts quality control parameters from MODIS QC layers.
i.oifCalculates Optimum-Index-Factor table for spectral bands
i.ortho.cameraSelect and modify the imagery group camera reference file.
i.ortho.elevSelect or modify the target elevation model.
i.ortho.initInteractively creates or modifies entries in a camera initial exposure station file for imagery group referenced by a sub-block.
i.ortho.photoMenu driver for the photo imagery programs.
i.ortho.rectifyOrthorectifies an image by using the image to photo coordinate transformation matrix.
i.ortho.targetSelect or modify the imagery group target.
i.ortho.transformComputes a coordinate transformation based on the control points.
i.pansharpenImage fusion algorithms to sharpen multispectral with high-res panchromatic channels
i.pcaPrincipal components analysis (PCA) for image processing.
i.rectifyRectifies an image by computing a coordinate transformation for each pixel in the image based on the control points.
i.rgb.hisTransforms raster maps from RGB (Red-Green-Blue) color space to HIS (Hue-Intensity-Saturation) color space.
i.segmentIdentifies segments (objects) from imagery data.
i.signaturesManage imagery classification signature files
i.smapPerforms contextual image classification using sequential maximum a posteriori (SMAP) estimation.
i.spectralDisplays spectral response at user specified locations in group or images.
i.targetTargets an imagery group to a GRASS location and mapset.
i.tasscapPerforms Tasseled Cap (Kauth Thomas) transformation.
i.topo.corrComputes topographic correction of reflectance.
i.viCalculates different types of vegetation indices.
i.zcZero-crossing "edge detection" raster function for image processing.

Miscellaneous commands (m.*)

m.cogoA simple utility for converting bearing and distance measurements to coordinates and vice versa.
m.measureMeasures the lengths and areas of features.
m.nviz.imageCreates a 3D rendering of GIS data.
m.nviz.scriptCreates fly-through script to run in NVIZ.
m.projConverts coordinates from one projection to another (cs2cs frontend).
m.transformComputes a coordinate transformation based on the control points.

PostScript commands (ps.*)

ps.mapProduces hardcopy PostScript map output.

Raster commands (r.*)

r.basins.fillGenerates watershed subbasins raster map.
r.blendBlends color components of two raster maps by a given ratio.
r.bufferCreates a raster map showing buffer zones surrounding cells that contain non-NULL category values.
r.buffer.lowmemCreates a raster map showing buffer zones surrounding cells that contain non-NULL category values.
r.buildvrtBuild a VRT (Virtual Raster) from the list of input raster maps.
r.carveGenerates stream channels.
r.categoryManages category values and labels associated with user-specified raster map layers.
r.circleCreates a raster map containing concentric rings around a given point.
r.clumpRecategorizes data in a raster map by grouping cells that form physically discrete areas into unique categories.
r.coinTabulates the mutual occurrence (coincidence) of categories for two raster map layers.
r.colorsCreates/modifies the color table associated with a raster map.
r.colors.outExports the color table associated with a raster map.
r.colors.stddevSets color rules based on stddev from a raster map’s mean value.
r.compositeCombines red, green and blue raster maps into a single composite raster map.
r.compressCompresses and decompresses raster maps.
r.contourProduces a vector map of specified contours from a raster map.
r.costCreates a raster map showing the cumulative cost of moving between different geographic locations on an input raster map whose cell category values represent cost.
r.covarOutputs a covariance/correlation matrix for user-specified raster map layer(s).
r.crossCreates a cross product of the category values from multiple raster map layers.
r.describePrints terse list of category values found in a raster map layer.
r.distanceLocates the closest points between objects in two raster maps.
r.drainTraces a flow through an elevation model or cost surface on a raster map.
r.externalLinks GDAL supported raster data as a pseudo GRASS raster map.
r.external.outRedirects raster output to file utilizing GDAL library rather than storing in GRASS raster format.
r.fill.dirFilters and generates a depressionless elevation map and a flow direction map from a given elevation raster map.
r.fill.statsRapidly fills ’no data’ cells (NULLs) of a raster map with interpolated values (IDW).
r.fillnullsFills no-data areas in raster maps using spline interpolation.
r.flowConstructs flowlines.
r.geomorphonCalculates geomorphons (terrain forms) and associated geometry using machine vision approach.
r.grow.distanceGenerates a raster map containing distances to nearest raster features and/or the value of the nearest non-null cell.
r.growGenerates a raster map layer with contiguous areas grown by one cell.
r.gwflowNumerical calculation program for transient, confined and unconfined groundwater flow in two dimensions.
r.hisGenerates red, green and blue (RGB) raster map layers combining hue, intensity and saturation (HIS) values from user-specified input raster map layers.
r.horizonComputes horizon angle height from a digital elevation model.
r.importImports raster data into a GRASS raster map using GDAL library and reprojects on the fly.
r.in.asciiConverts a GRASS ASCII raster file to binary raster map.
r.in.asterGeoreference, rectify, and import Terra-ASTER imagery and relative DEMs using gdalwarp.
r.in.binImport a binary raster file into a GRASS raster map layer.
r.in.gdalImports raster data into a GRASS raster map using GDAL library.
r.in.gridatbImports GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL) into a GRASS raster map.
r.in.matImports a binary MAT-File(v4) to a GRASS raster.
r.in.pdalCreates a raster map from LAS LiDAR points using univariate statistics.
r.in.pngImports non-georeferenced PNG format image.
r.in.polyCreates raster maps from ASCII polygon/line/point data files.
r.in.srtmImports SRTM HGT files into raster map.
r.in.wmsDownloads and imports data from OGC WMS and OGC WMTS web mapping servers.
r.in.xyzCreates a raster map from an assemblage of many coordinates using univariate statistics.
r.infoOutputs basic information about a raster map.
r.kappaCalculates error matrix and kappa parameter for accuracy assessment of classification result.
r.lakeFills lake at given point to given level.
r.latlongCreates a latitude/longitude raster map.
r.li.cwedCalculates contrast weighted edge density index on a raster map
r.li.daemonSupport module for r.li landscape index calculations.
r.li.dominanceCalculates dominance’s diversity index on a raster map
r.li.edgedensityCalculates edge density index on a raster map, using a 4 neighbour algorithm
r.liToolset for multiscale analysis of landscape structure
r.li.mpaCalculates mean pixel attribute index on a raster map
r.li.mpsCalculates mean patch size index on a raster map, using a 4 neighbour algorithm
r.li.padcvCalculates coefficient of variation of patch area on a raster map
r.li.padrangeCalculates range of patch area size on a raster map
r.li.padsdCalculates standard deviation of patch area a raster map
r.li.patchdensityCalculates patch density index on a raster map, using a 4 neighbour algorithm
r.li.patchnumCalculates patch number index on a raster map, using a 4 neighbour algorithm.
r.li.pielouCalculates Pielou’s diversity index on a raster map
r.li.renyiCalculates Renyi’s diversity index on a raster map
r.li.richnessCalculates richness index on a raster map
r.li.shannonCalculates Shannon’s diversity index on a raster map
r.li.shapeCalculates shape index on a raster map
r.li.simpsonCalculates Simpson’s diversity index on a raster map
r.mapcalcRaster map calculator.
r.mapcalc.simpleCalculates a new raster map from a simple r.mapcalc expression.
r.maskCreates a MASK for limiting raster operation.
r.mfilterPerforms raster map matrix filter.
r.modeFinds the mode of values in a cover map within areas assigned the same category value in a user-specified base map.
r.neighborsMakes each cell category value a function of the category values assigned to the cells around it, and stores new cell values in an output raster map layer.
r.nullManages NULL-values of given raster map.
r.object.geometryCalculates geometry parameters for raster objects.
r.out.asciiConverts a raster map layer into a GRASS ASCII text file.
r.out.binExports a GRASS raster to a binary array.
r.out.gdalExports GRASS raster maps into GDAL supported formats.
r.out.gridatbExports GRASS raster map to GRIDATB.FOR map file (TOPMODEL).
r.out.matExports a GRASS raster to a binary MAT-File.
r.out.mpegConverts raster map series to MPEG movie.
r.out.pngExport a GRASS raster map as a non-georeferenced PNG image.
r.out.povConverts a raster map layer into a height-field file for POV-Ray.
r.out.ppmConverts a GRASS raster map to a PPM image file.
r.out.ppm3Converts 3 GRASS raster layers (R,G,B) to a PPM image file.
r.out.vrmlExports a raster map to the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML).
r.out.vtkConverts raster maps into the VTK-ASCII format.
r.out.xyzExports a raster map to a text file as x,y,z values based on cell centers.
r.packExports a raster map as GRASS GIS specific archive file
r.param.scaleExtracts terrain parameters from a DEM.
r.patchCreates a composite raster map layer by using known category values from one (or more) map layer(s) to fill in areas of "no data" in another map layer.
r.pathTraces paths from starting points following input directions.
r.planeCreates raster plane map given dip (inclination), aspect (azimuth) and one point.
r.profileOutputs the raster map layer values lying on user-defined line(s).
r.projRe-projects a raster map from given project to the current project.
r.quantProduces the quantization file for a floating-point map.
r.quantileCompute quantiles using two passes.
r.random.cellsGenerates random cell values with spatial dependence.
r.randomCreates randomly placed raster cells or vector points
r.random.surfaceGenerates random surface(s) with spatial dependence.
r.reclass.areaReclasses a raster map greater or less than user specified area size (in hectares).
r.reclassReclassify raster map based on category values.
r.recodeRecodes categorical raster maps.
r.regionSets the boundary definitions for a raster map.
r.regression.lineCalculates linear regression from two raster maps: y = a + b*x.
r.regression.multiCalculates multiple linear regression from raster maps.
r.reliefCreates shaded relief map from an elevation map (DEM).
r.reportReports statistics for raster maps.
r.resamp.bsplinePerforms bilinear or bicubic spline interpolation with Tykhonov regularization.
r.resamp.filterResamples raster map layers using an analytic kernel.
r.resamp.interpResamples raster map to a finer grid using interpolation.
r.resamp.rstReinterpolates and optionally computes topographic analysis from input raster map to a new raster map (possibly with different resolution) using regularized spline with tension and smoothing.
r.resamp.statsResamples raster map layers to a coarser grid using aggregation.
r.resampleGRASS raster map layer data resampling capability.
r.rescale.eqRescales histogram equalized the range of category values in a raster map layer.
r.rescaleRescales the range of category values in a raster map layer.
r.rgbSplits a raster map into red, green and blue maps.
r.rosGenerates rate of spread raster maps.
r.semantic.labelManages semantic label information assigned to a single raster map or to a list of raster maps.
r.series.accumulateMakes each output cell value a accumulationfunction of the values assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster map layers.
r.seriesMakes each output cell value a function of the values assigned to the corresponding cells in the input raster map layers.
r.series.interpInterpolates raster maps located (temporal or spatial) in between input raster maps at specific sampling positions.
r.shadeDrapes a color raster over an shaded relief or aspect map.
r.sim.sedimentSediment transport and erosion/deposition simulation using path sampling method (SIMWE).
r.sim.waterOverland flow hydrologic simulation using path sampling method (SIMWE).
r.slope.aspectGenerates raster maps of slope, aspect, curvatures and partial derivatives from an elevation raster map.
r.solute.transportNumerical calculation program for transient, confined and unconfined solute transport in two dimensions
r.spreadSimulates elliptically anisotropic spread.
r.spreadpathRecursively traces the least cost path backwards to cells from which the cumulative cost was determined.
r.statisticsCalculates category or object oriented statistics.
r.statsGenerates area statistics for raster map.
r.stats.quantileCompute category quantiles using two passes.
r.stats.zonalCalculates category or object oriented statistics (accumulator-based statistics).
r.stream.extractPerforms stream network extraction.
r.sunSolar irradiance and irradiation model.
r.sunhoursCalculates solar elevation, solar azimuth, and sun hours.
r.sunmaskCalculates cast shadow areas from sun position and elevation raster map.
r.supportAllows creation and/or modification of raster map layer support files.
r.support.statsUpdate raster map statistics
r.surf.areaPrints estimation of surface area for raster map.
r.surf.contourGenerates surface raster map from rasterized contours.
r.surf.fractalCreates a fractal surface of a given fractal dimension.
r.surf.gaussGenerates a raster map using gaussian random number generator.
r.surf.idwProvides surface interpolation from raster point data by Inverse Distance Squared Weighting.
r.surf.randomProduces a raster surface map of uniform random deviates with defined range.
r.terraflowPerforms flow computation for massive grids.
r.textureGenerate images with textural features from a raster map.
r.thinThins non-null cells that denote linear features in a raster map layer.
r.tileSplits a raster map into tiles.
r.tilesetProduces tilings of the source projection for use in the destination region and projection.
r.timestampModifies a timestamp for a raster map.
r.to.rast3Converts 2D raster map slices to one 3D raster volume map.
r.to.rast3elevCreates a 3D volume map based on 2D elevation and value raster maps.
r.to.vectConverts a raster map into a vector map.
r.topidxCreates a topographic index (wetness index) raster map from an elevation raster map.
r.topmodelSimulates TOPMODEL which is a physically based hydrologic model.
r.transectOutputs raster map layer values lying along user defined transect line(s).
r.univarCalculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells of a raster map.
r.unpackImports a GRASS GIS specific raster archive file (packed with r.pack) as a raster map
r.uslekComputes USLE Soil Erodibility Factor (K).
r.uslerComputes USLE R factor, Rainfall erosivity index.
r.viewshedComputes the viewshed of a point on an elevation raster map.
r.volumeCalculates the volume of data "clumps".
r.walkCreates a raster map showing the anisotropic cumulative cost of moving between different geographic locations on an input raster map whose cell category values represent cost.
r.water.outletCreates watershed basins from a drainage direction map.
r.watershedCalculates hydrological parameters and RUSLE factors.
r.what.colorQueries colors for a raster map layer.
r.whatQueries raster maps on their category values and category labels.

3d raster commands (r3.*)

r3.colorsCreates/modifies the color table associated with a 3D raster map.
r3.colors.outExports the color table associated with a 3D raster map.
r3.cross.rastCreates cross section 2D raster map from 3D raster map based on 2D elevation map
r3.flowComputes 3D flow lines and 3D flow accumulation.
r3.gradientComputes gradient of a 3D raster map and outputs gradient components as three 3D raster maps.
r3.gwflowNumerical calculation program for transient, confined groundwater flow in three dimensions.
r3.in.asciiConverts a 3D ASCII raster text file into a (binary) 3D raster map.
r3.in.binImports a binary raster file into a GRASS 3D raster map.
r3.in.v5dImport 3-dimensional Vis5D files.
r3.in.xyzCreate a 3D raster map from an assemblage of many coordinates using univariate statistics
r3.infoOutputs basic information about a user-specified 3D raster map layer.
r3.mapcalcRaster map calculator.
r3.maskEstablishes the current working 3D raster mask.
r3.mkdspfCreates a display file from an existing 3D raster map according to specified threshold levels.
r3.neighborsMakes each voxel value a function of the values assigned to the voxels around it, and stores new voxel values in an output 3D raster map
r3.nullExplicitly create the 3D NULL-value bitmap file.
r3.out.asciiConverts a 3D raster map layer into a ASCII text file.
r3.out.binExports a GRASS 3D raster map to a binary array.
r3.out.netcdfExport a 3D raster map as netCDF file.
r3.out.v5dExports GRASS 3D raster map to 3-dimensional Vis5D file.
r3.out.vtkConverts 3D raster maps into the VTK-ASCII format.
r3.retileRetiles an existing 3D raster map with user defined x, y and z tile size.
r3.statsGenerates volume statistics for 3D raster maps.
r3.supportAllows creation and/or modification of 3D raster map layer support files.
r3.timestampModifies a timestamp for a 3D raster map.
r3.to.rastConverts 3D raster maps to 2D raster maps
r3.univarCalculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells of a 3D raster map.

Temporal commands (t.*)

t.connectPrints/sets general temporal GIS database connection for current mapset.
t.copyCreates a copy of a space time raster dataset.
t.createCreates a space time dataset.
t.infoLists information about space time datasets and maps.
t.listLists space time datasets and maps registered in the temporal database.
t.mergeMerges several space time datasets into a single space time dataset.
t.rast.accdetectDetects accumulation patterns in temporally accumulated space time raster datasets created by t.rast.accumulate.
t.rast.accumulateComputes cyclic accumulations of a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.aggregate.dsAggregates data of an existing space time raster dataset using the time intervals of a second space time dataset.
t.rast.aggregateAggregates temporally the maps of a space time raster dataset by a user defined granularity.
t.rast.algebraApply temporal and spatial operations on space time raster datasets using temporal raster algebra.
t.rast.colorsCreates/modifies the color table associated with each raster map of the space time raster dataset.
t.rast.contourProduces a space time vector dataset of specified contours from a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.exportExports space time raster dataset.
t.rast.extractExtracts a subset of a space time raster datasets.
t.rast.gapfillReplaces gaps in a space time raster dataset with interpolated raster maps.
t.rast.importImports space time raster dataset.
t.rast.listLists registered maps of a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.mapcalcPerforms spatio-temporal mapcalc expressions on temporally sampled maps of space time raster datasets.
t.rast.neighborsPerforms a neighborhood analysis for each map in a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.out.vtkExports space time raster dataset as VTK time series.
t.rast.seriesPerforms different aggregation algorithms from r.series on all or a subset of raster maps in a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.to.rast3Converts a space time raster dataset into a 3D raster map.
t.rast.to.vectConverts a space time raster dataset into a space time vector dataset
t.rast.univarCalculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells for each registered raster map of a space time raster dataset.
t.rast.whatSample a space time raster dataset at specific vector point coordinates and write the output to stdout using different layouts
t.rast3d.algebraApply temporal and spatial operations on space time 3D raster datasets using temporal 3D raster algebra.
t.rast3d.extractExtracts a subset of a space time 3D raster dataset.
t.rast3d.listLists registered maps of a space time raster3d dataset.
t.rast3d.mapcalcPerforms r3.mapcalc expressions on maps of sampled space time 3D raster datasets.
t.rast3d.univarCalculates univariate statistics from the non-null cells for each registered 3D raster map of a space time 3D raster dataset.
t.registerAssigns timestamps and registers raster, vector and raster3d maps in a space time dataset.
t.removeRemoves space time datasets from temporal database.
t.renameRenames a space time dataset
t.sampleSamples the input space time dataset(s) with a sample space time dataset and print the result to stdout.
t.selectSelect maps from space time datasets by topological relationships to other space time datasets using temporal algebra.
t.shiftShifts temporally the maps of a space time dataset.
t.snapSnaps temporally the maps of a space time dataset.
t.supportModifies the metadata of a space time dataset.
t.topologyLists temporal topology of a space time dataset.
t.unregisterUnregisters raster, vector and raster3d maps from the temporal database or a specific space time dataset.
t.upgradeUpgrades the version of the temporal database.
t.vect.algebraApply temporal and spatial operations on space time vector datasets using temporal vector algebra.
t.vect.db.selectPrints attributes of vector maps registered in a space time vector dataset.
t.vect.exportExports a space time vector dataset as GRASS GIS specific archive file.
t.vect.extractExtracts a subset of a space time vector dataset.
t.vect.importImports a space time vector dataset from a GRASS GIS specific archive file.
t.vect.listLists registered maps of a space time vector dataset.
t.vect.observe.strdsObserves specific locations in a space time raster dataset over a period of time using vector points.
t.vect.univarCalculates univariate statistics of attributes for each registered vector map of a space time vector dataset
t.vect.what.strdsStores raster map values at spatial and temporal positions of vector points as vector attributes.

Test commands (test.*)

test.r3flowTesting flow lines.
test.raster3d.libPerforms unit and integration tests for the raster3d library

Vector commands (v.*)

v.bufferCreates a buffer around vector features of given type.
v.build.allRebuilds topology on all vector maps in the current mapset.
v.buildCreates topology for vector map.
v.build.polylinesBuilds polylines from lines or boundaries.
v.categoryAttaches, deletes or reports vector categories to/from/of map geometry.
v.centroidsAdds missing centroids to closed boundaries.
v.classClassifies attribute data, e.g. for thematic mapping
v.cleanToolset for cleaning topology of vector map.
v.clipExtracts features of input map which overlay features of clip map.
v.clusterPerforms cluster identification.
v.colorsCreates/modifies the color table associated with a vector map.
v.colors.outExports the color table associated with a vector map.
v.db.addcolumnAdds one or more columns to the attribute table connected to a given vector map.
v.db.addtableCreates and connects a new attribute table to a given layer of an existing vector map.
v.db.connectPrints/sets DB connection for a vector map to attribute table.
v.db.dropcolumnDrops a column from the attribute table connected to a given vector map.
v.db.droprowRemoves a vector feature from a vector map through attribute selection.
v.db.droptableRemoves existing attribute table of a vector map.
v.db.joinJoins a database table to a vector map table.
v.db.reconnect.allReconnects attribute tables for all vector maps from the current mapset to a new database.
v.db.renamecolumnRenames a column in the attribute table connected to a given vector map.
v.db.selectPrints vector map attributes.
v.db.univarCalculates univariate statistics on selected table column for a GRASS vector map.
v.db.updateUpdates a column in the attribute table connected to a vector map.
v.decimateDecimates a point cloud
v.delaunayCreates a Delaunay triangulation from an input vector map containing points or centroids.
v.dissolveDissolves adjacent or overlaping features sharing a common category number or attribute.
v.distanceFinds the nearest element in vector map ’to’ for elements in vector map ’from’.
v.drapeConverts 2D vector features to 3D by sampling of elevation raster map.
v.editEdits a vector map, allows adding, deleting and modifying selected vector features.
v.externalCreates a new pseudo-vector map as a link to an OGR-supported layer or a PostGIS feature table.
v.external.outDefines vector output format.
v.extractSelects vector features from an existing vector map and creates a new vector map containing only the selected features.
v.extrudeExtrudes flat vector features to 3D vector features with defined height.
v.fill.holesFill holes in areas by keeping only outer boundaries
v.generalizePerforms vector based generalization.
v.hullProduces a 2D/3D convex hull for a given vector map.
v.importImports vector data into a GRASS vector map using OGR library and reprojects on the fly.
v.in.asciiCreates a vector map from an ASCII points file or ASCII vector file.
v.in.dbCreates new vector (points) map from database table containing coordinates.
v.in.dxfConverts file in DXF format to GRASS vector map.
v.in.e00Imports E00 file into a vector map.
v.in.geonamesImports geonames.org country files into a vector points map.
v.in.linesImports ASCII x,y[,z] coordinates as a series of lines.
v.in.mapgenImports Mapgen or Matlab-ASCII vector maps into GRASS.
v.in.ogrImports vector data into a GRASS vector map using OGR library.
v.in.pdalConverts LAS LiDAR point clouds to a GRASS vector map with PDAL.
v.in.regionCreates a vector polygon from the current region extent.
v.in.wfsImports GetFeature from a WFS server.
v.infoOutputs basic information about a vector map.
v.kcvRandomly partition points into test/train sets.
v.kernelGenerates a raster density map from vector points map.
v.labelCreates paint labels for a vector map from attached attributes.
v.label.saCreate optimally placed labels for vector map(s)
v.lidar.correctionCorrects the v.lidar.growing output. It is the last of the three algorithms for LIDAR filtering.
v.lidar.edgedetectionDetects the object’s edges from a LIDAR data set.
v.lidar.growingBuilding contour determination and Region Growing algorithm for determining the building inside
v.lrs.createCreates a linear reference system.
v.lrs.labelCreates stationing from input lines, and linear reference system.
v.lrs.segmentCreates points/segments from input lines, linear reference system and positions read from stdin or a file.
v.lrs.whereFinds line id and real km+offset for given points in vector map using linear reference system.
v.mkgridCreates a vector map of a user-defined grid.
v.neighborsNeighborhood analysis tool for vector point maps.
v.net.allocAllocates subnets for nearest centers.
v.net.allpairsComputes the shortest path between all pairs of nodes in the network.
v.net.bridgeComputes bridges and articulation points in the network.
v.net.centralityComputes degree, centrality, betweeness, closeness and eigenvector centrality measures in the network.
v.net.componentsComputes strongly and weakly connected components in the network.
v.net.connectivityComputes vertex connectivity between two sets of nodes in the network.
v.net.distanceComputes shortest distance via the network between the given sets of features.
v.net.flowComputes the maximum flow between two sets of nodes in the network.
v.netPerforms network maintenance.
v.net.isoSplits subnets for nearest centers by cost isolines.
v.net.pathFinds shortest path on vector network.
v.net.salesmanCreates a cycle connecting given nodes (Traveling salesman problem).
v.net.spanningtreeComputes minimum spanning tree for the network.
v.net.steinerCreates Steiner tree for the network and given terminals.
v.net.timetableFinds shortest path using timetables.
v.net.visibilityPerforms visibility graph construction.
v.normalTests for normality for vector points.
v.out.asciiExports a vector map to a GRASS ASCII vector representation.
v.out.dxfExports vector map to DXF file format.
v.out.ogrExports a vector map layer to any of the supported OGR vector formats.
v.out.postgisExports a vector map layer to PostGIS feature table.
v.out.povConverts GRASS x,y,z points to POV-Ray x,z,y format.
v.out.svgExports a vector map to SVG file.
v.out.vtkConverts a vector map to VTK ASCII output.
v.outlierRemoves outliers from vector point data.
v.overlayOverlays two vector maps offering clip, intersection, difference, symmetrical difference, union operators.
v.packExports a vector map as GRASS GIS specific archive file
v.parallelCreates parallel line to input vector lines.
v.patchCreates a new vector map by combining other vector maps.
v.perturbRandom location perturbations of vector points.
v.profileVector map profiling tool
v.projRe-projects a vector map from one project to the current project.
v.qcountIndices for quadrat counts of vector point lists.
v.randomGenerates random 2D/3D vector points.
v.rast.statsCalculates univariate statistics from a raster map based on a vector map and uploads statistics to new attribute columns.
v.reclassChanges vector category values for an existing vector map according to results of SQL queries or a value in attribute table column.
v.rectifyRectifies a vector by computing a coordinate transformation for each object in the vector based on the control points.
v.reportReports geometry statistics for vector maps.
v.sampleSamples a raster map at vector point locations.
v.segmentCreates points/segments from input vector lines and positions.
v.selectSelects features from vector map (A) by features from other vector map (B).
v.splitSplits vector lines to shorter segments.
v.supportUpdates vector map metadata.
v.surf.bsplinePerforms bicubic or bilinear spline interpolation with Tykhonov regularization.
v.surf.idwProvides surface interpolation from vector point data by Inverse Distance Squared Weighting.
v.surf.rstPerforms surface interpolation from vector points map by splines.
v.timestampModifies a timestamp for a vector map.
v.to.3dPerforms transformation of 2D vector features to 3D.
v.to.dbPopulates attribute values from vector features.
v.to.linesConverts vector polygons or points to lines.
v.to.pointsCreates points along input lines in new vector map with 2 layers.
v.to.rastConverts (rasterize) a vector map into a raster map.
v.to.rast3Converts a vector map (only points) into a 3D raster map.
v.transformPerforms an affine transformation (shift, scale and rotate) on vector map.
v.typeChanges type of vector features.
v.univarCalculates univariate statistics of vector map features.
v.unpackImports a GRASS GIS specific vector archive file (packed with v.pack) as a vector map
v.vect.statsCount points in areas, calculate statistics from point attributes.
v.vol.rstInterpolates point data to a 3D raster map using regularized spline with tension (RST) algorithm.
v.voronoiCreates a Voronoi diagram constrained to the extents of the current region from an input vector map containing points or centroids.
v.whatQueries a vector map at given locations.
v.what.rastUploads raster values at positions of vector points to the table.
v.what.rast3Uploads 3D raster values at positions of vector points to the table.
v.what.strdsUploads space time raster dataset values at positions of vector points to the table.
v.what.vectUploads vector values at positions of vector points to the table.

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GRASS 8.4.0 GRASS GIS User's Manual